大口徑（jìng）方管電焊作業的健康危害因（yīn）素很多,養家（jiā）糊口掙錢（qián）的（de）前提下，我們還要更多預防關愛身體（tǐ）健康（kāng），那麽今天為（wéi）大家講解一下電焊具體有哪些危害 .大口徑方管（guǎn）電（diàn）弧焊（hàn）接時，焊條中的焊芯、藥皮和金屬母（mǔ）材在電弧高溫下熔化、蒸發、氧化、凝（níng）集，產生大（dà）量金屬氧化物（wù）及（jí）其他物質的煙塵，長期吸入（rù）可引起焊工塵肺。電焊工塵肺一般發生的密閉、通風不良（liáng）的作業條（tiáo）件下，發病工齡平均為18a左右。肺通氣功能測定表明接觸電塵可引（yǐn）起電焊工一定程（chéng）度的肺通氣功能損傷，電焊（hàn）載FVC1.0、FEV1.0％、MMF、V5050、VP2525、PEFR等肺通氣功能均明顯降低；吸煙因素與接塵（chén）因素對電焊工的（de）肺通氣功能可能產生協（xié）同作用；電焊（hàn）工（gōng）的肺通氣操作有隨接塵工齡的延（yán）長而加重（chóng）的趨勢。
There are many health hazards in large caliber square pipe welding. On the premise of making a living and earning money, we still need to take more care of our health. Today, we will explain the specific hazards of electric welding. In large caliber square pipe arc welding, the welding cores, coating and metal base materials in the electrode melt, evaporate, oxidize and agglomerate at high arc temperature, resulting in a large number of metal oxidation. Long-term inhalation of fumes and other substances can cause welder pneumoconiosesis. The average length of service for welder pneumoconiosesis is about 18 years under the closed and poorly ventilated working conditions. The pulmonary ventilation function test showed that exposure to electro-dust could cause a certain degree of pulmonary ventilation function damage in welders. The pulmonary ventilation function of welders loaded with FVC1.0, FEV1.0%, MMF, V5050, VP2525 and PEFR were significantly reduced. Smoking and dust exposure factors may have synergistic effects on the pulmonary ventilation function of welders. The pulmonary ventilation operation of welders tended to aggravate with the extension of the duration of exposure to dust.
（2）錳中毒
(2) Manganese poisoning
各種焊件（jiàn）和焊（hàn）條中均有數量不（bú）等的錳，一（yī）般焊（hàn）芯中的含錳量很低，隻有0.3％～0.6％左右。為了提高機（jī）械強度、耐磨、搞腐蝕等性能，使用含錳條時，含錳可（kě）高達23％。在通風不良場（chǎng）所如船艙、鍋爐或密閉（bì）容器內施焊，長期吸入含錳的煙塵可發（fā）生錳中毒，可檢出血錳、尿（niào）錳升高，神經係統功能改變，發錳測定亦可作為錳中毒早期篩檢指標。
Manganese is found in all kinds of welding parts and electrodes. Generally, the manganese content in the core is very low, only about 0.3%-0.6%. In order to improve mechanical strength, wear resistance and corrosion resistance, manganese content can be up to 23% when using manganese bar. Manganese poisoning can occur when welding in poorly ventilated places such as cabins, boilers or closed containers. Manganese poisoning can occur when smoke and dust containing manganese are inhaled for a long time. Manganese elevation in blood and urine can be detected. Changes in nervous system function can also be detected. Manganese determination can also be used as an early screening index for manganese poisoning.
（3）電（diàn）焊煙熱
(3) welding fume heat
電焊煙熱也稱焊工熱（rè），是金屬（shǔ）煙熱的一種，由吸入金屬氧化物所致的（de）以（yǐ）驟起體溫（wēn）升高和外周血白細（xì）胞計數增多為主（zhǔ）要表現的全身（shēn）性疾病，常在接（jiē）金屬氣氧化物煙後6～12h起發病，有頭暈、乏力、胸悶（mèn）、氣急、肌肉（ròu）關（guān）節酸痛，以後發熱，白細胞增多，重者在（zài）畏寒、寒顫。
Welding fume heat, also known as welder heat, is a kind of metal fume heat. It is a systemic disease caused by inhalation of metal oxides, characterized by sudden rise of body temperature and increase of peripheral blood white blood cell count. It often occurs 6 to 12 hours after exposure to metal oxide fumes. It has dizziness, fatigue, chest tightness, shortness of breath, soreness of muscles and joints, later fever, increase of white blood cells, and severe people are afraid of cold and shivering. This is the case.
大（dà）口徑（jìng）方管
Large caliber square pipe
（4）對眼及皮膚（fū）的影響
(4) Effect on eyes and skin
紫外線（UVR）和紅外線（IFR）對眼及皮膚的操作是電焊作業職業損害的一個重要方麵。電（diàn）焊工眼部症狀明顯（xiǎn）增多常有報道，表（biǎo）現為（wéi）電光性眼炎、慢性瞼緣炎、結膜炎、晶體混濁等（děng），且慢性臉緣炎、結膜炎患病（bìng）率有隨工齡增加而增設的趨（qū）勢。過量UVR暴露的主要損害為光敏性角膜炎，電焊工白內障與紅外線接觸（chù）有關。國外最近（jìn）的研究表明，工人接觸過量（liàng）UVR會有發生非黑色素細胞（bāo）皮膚癌和其他諸如眼惡性黑色（sè）素（sù）瘤等慢性疾病的危險。
The operation of ultraviolet (UVR) and infrared (IFR) on eyes and skin is an important aspect of occupational damage in welding operation. It is often reported that the ocular symptoms of welders increase markedly, such as electro-optic ophthalmitis, chronic blepharitis, conjunctivitis, lens opacity, etc. The prevalsence of chronic facial and conjunctivitis increases with the increase of working years. The main damage of excessive UVR exposure is photosensitive keratitis, and cataract in welders is related to infrared exposure. Recent studies abroad have shown that workers exposed to excessive UVR are at risk of developing non-melanocytic skin cancer and other chronic diseases such as malignant melanoma of the eye.
（5）對生殖係統的影響
(5) Effects on reproductive system
生殖毒性的（de）結局意義重大，故近10年來國內外（wài）開展了一（yī）些關於電焊作業生殖毒性的研（yán）究，主要涉及（jí）男工精（jīng）液質量，女工生殖結局及損害機製。研究表明：電女工月經的經量增加、周期縮短、經期（qī）延長、白帶增加發（fā）病率高於對照組，自然流產、早產、痛經（jīng）、經量均較（jiào）對照組高。錳中毒男工（gōng）精液外觀（guān）均勻灰白色，較正常，平均液化時間比對照組（zǔ）延長。檢驗結果證明，錳中毒男工平均1次射精量、精子總（zǒng）數、精子存活率及活動精子均比對照組下（xià）降，錳中毒（dú）男工精（jīng）子畸形率明顯高於對照（zhào）組。認為金屬錳能夠影響男工生精係統，對精（jīng）子（zǐ）的發育有直接毒作用，並能殺傷精（jīng）子，從而引起男性精質量的改變。國外（wài）也有報道電焊作業工作性激素分泌改（gǎi）變，精子質量下降，但對子代的（de）性別（bié）比例沒有影響。
The outcome of reproductive toxicity is of great significance. Therefore, in the past 10 years, some studies on reproductive toxicity of electric welding have been carried out at home and abroad, mainly involving the quality of semen, reproductive outcome and damage mechanism of female workers. The results showed that the incidence of increased menstruation, shortened cycle, prolonged menstruation and increased leucorrhea was higher than that of the control group, and the incidence of spontaneous abortion, premature delivery, dysmenorrhea and menstrual volume were higher than those of the control group. The semen appearance of male workers with manganese poisoning was even grey and white, and the average liquefaction time was longer than that of the control group. The results showed that the average ejaculation volume, total sperm count, sperm survival rate and motile sperm of male workers with manganese poisoning were lower than those of the control group, and the sperm malformation rate of male workers with manganese poisoning was significantly higher than that of the control group. It is believed that manganese can affect the spermatogenic system of male workers, have direct toxic effects on sperm development, and kill sperm, thus causing changes in the quality of male sperm. There are also reports of changes in sex hormone secretion and sperm quality in welding operations abroad, but there is no effect on the sex ratio of offspring.
（6）對內髒的影響
(6) Visceral effects
通（tōng）過B超過檢查探討電焊對作業工人肝脾的影響（xiǎng）。結果電焊作業組工（gōng）作左肝長、厚，右肝斜厚及脾厚均高（gāo）於對照組，並有顯著性差異。電焊作（zuò）業工人肝（gān）脾（pí）存在一定損害，且隨工齡延長有加重趨勢。國外有報道，胰腺內分泌腫瘤在電焊工中發（fā）生的危險度也（yě）明顯高於正常人群（qún）。
The effect of electric welding on the liver and spleen of workers was studied by B-mode ultrasonography. Results The length and thickness of left liver, oblique thickness of right liver and spleen in welding group were higher than those in control group, and there were significant differences. The liver and spleen of welded workers were damaged to some extent, and the damage tended to aggravate with the prolongation of service life. It has been reported abroad that the risk of pancreatic endocrine tumors in welders is also significantly higher than that in normal people.
